Voiced vs. voiceless
| voiced | voiceless |
|---|---|
| b | p |
| d | t |
| dʒ | tʃ |
| ð | θ |
| ɡ | k |
| v | f |
| z | s |
| ʒ | ʃ |
| - | h |
| l | - |
| m | - |
| n | - |
| ŋ | - |
| r | - |
| semivowels | - |
| vowels | - |
Pronunciation of -ed endings in regular past tense verbs
| voiced ➞ d | |
|---|---|
| b | disturbed, grabbed, robbed |
| dʒ | changed, judged, aged |
| ð | bathed, clothed, loathed |
| ɡ | begged, dragged, plugged |
| l | called, killed, smelled |
| m | harmed, confirmed, named |
| n | owned, signed, cleaned |
| ŋ | banged, belonged, longed |
| r | shared, cured, entered |
| v | lived, waved, arrived |
| z | advised, realized, seized |
| ʒ | camouflaged, sabotaged, massaged |
| unvoiced ➞ t | |
|---|---|
| f | laughed, stuffed, coughed |
| h | - |
| k | cooked, walked, talked |
| p | typed, hoped, helped |
| s | danced, missed, fixed |
| ʃ | wished, pushed, flushed |
| tʃ | touched, watched, reached |
| θ | - |
| t or d ➞ ɪd | |
|---|---|
| d | minded, sounded, ended |
| t | voted, waited, wanted |
Pronunciation of plural words
| voiced (non-sibilants) ➞ z | |
|---|---|
| b | verbs, jobs, crabs |
| d | beds, codes, kids |
| ð | - |
| ɡ | dogs, legs, eggs |
| l | girls, pools, skills |
| m | teams, problems, times |
| n | cousins, sons, phones |
| ŋ | feelings, songs, things |
| r | cars, doctors, numbers |
| v | waves, gloves, curves |
| unvoiced (non-sibilants) ➞ s | |
|---|---|
| f | beliefs, dwarfs, chefs |
| h | - |
| k | mistakes, clocks, desks |
| p | groups, steps, shapes |
| t | bets, coats, kits |
| θ | months, deaths, myths |
| sibilants ➞ ɪz | |
|---|---|
| dʒ | pages, cages, messages |
| s | places, horses, classes |
| ʃ | wishes, ashes, bushes |
| tʃ | beaches, churches, inches |
| z | sizes, cheeses, causes |
| ʒ | garages |